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“raphael espinoza”

Showing 1 - 4 of 4 results for “raphael espinoza”
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  • When Should Public Debt Be Reduced?

    by Jonathan Mr. Ostry, Atish Mr. Ghosh, Raphael Espinoza ...
    Series Book 15 - IMF Staff Discussion Notes
    What considerations should guide public debt policy going forward? Should debt be reduced to achieve normative anchors (such as 60 percent of GDP), should it be increased further to finance a big public investment push, or should the existing debt be serviced forever? We argue that, for countries with ample fiscal space (little risk of encountering a fiscal crisis), raising distortive taxes merely ... Read more

    $4.49 USD

  • Economic Gains From Gender Inclusion

    New Mechanisms, New Evidence

    by Jonathan David Ostry, Jorge Alvarez, Raphael A Espinoza, Chris Papageorgiou ...
    While progress has been made in increasing female labor force participation (FLFP) in the last 20 years, large gaps remain. The latest Fund research shows that improving gender diversity can result in larger economic gains than previously thought. Indeed, gender diversity brings benefits all its own. Women bring new skills to the workplace. This may reflect social norms and their impact on ... Read more

    $4.49 USD

  • Macroeconomic Policy in Fragile States

    Edited by Ralph Chami, Raphael Espinoza, Peter J. Montiel ...
    Setting macroeconomic policy is especially difficult in fragile states. Political legitimacy concerns are heightened, raising issues such as who the policymakers are, what incentives they face, and how the process of policymaking is likely to work under limited legitimacy and high uncertainty both about the macroeconomic environment as well as policy effectiveness. In addition, fragility expands ... Read more

    $136.79 USD

  • Wage Moderation in Crises

    by Jörg Decressin, Ioannis Halikias, Michael Kumhof, Daniel Leigh, Prakash Loungani, Paulo Medas, Susanna Mursula, Antonio Spilimbergo ...
    The paper studies the impacts of wage moderation in the euro area. Simulation results show that if a single euro area crisis-hit economy undertakes wage moderation, the impact on output is positive for that economy and for the entire euro area. If all crisis-hit economies undertake wage moderation together, their output still expands, albeit to a lesser degree. If the wage moderation is ... Read more

    $4.49 USD